aaru-dps/Aaru.Server
1
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://github.com/aaru-dps/Aaru.Server.git synced 2025-12-16 19:24:27 +00:00
Code Issues Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

REFACTOR: Possible 'System.NullReferenceException'.

Browse Source
This commit is contained in:
Natalia Portillo
2017-12-21 16:59:15 +00:00
parent 586b838a17
commit f65de10280
11 changed files with 140 additions and 112 deletions
Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

9
DiscImageChef.Core/PluginBase.cs
View File

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Core
{ {
if(!type.IsSubclassOf(typeof(ImagePlugin))) continue; if(!type.IsSubclassOf(typeof(ImagePlugin))) continue;
ImagePlugin plugin = (ImagePlugin)type.GetConstructor(Type.EmptyTypes).Invoke(new object[] { }); ImagePlugin plugin = (ImagePlugin)type.GetConstructor(Type.EmptyTypes)?.Invoke(new object[] { });
RegisterImagePlugin(plugin); RegisterImagePlugin(plugin);
} }
catch(Exception exception) { DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Exception {0}", exception); } catch(Exception exception) { DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Exception {0}", exception); }
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Core
{ {
if(!type.IsSubclassOf(typeof(PartitionPlugin))) continue; if(!type.IsSubclassOf(typeof(PartitionPlugin))) continue;
PartitionPlugin plugin = (PartitionPlugin)type.GetConstructor(Type.EmptyTypes).Invoke(new object[] { }); PartitionPlugin plugin = (PartitionPlugin)type.GetConstructor(Type.EmptyTypes)?.Invoke(new object[] { });
RegisterPartPlugin(plugin); RegisterPartPlugin(plugin);
} }
catch(Exception exception) { DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Exception {0}", exception); } catch(Exception exception) { DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Exception {0}", exception); }
@@ -91,9 +91,8 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Core
Filesystem plugin; Filesystem plugin;
if(encoding != null) if(encoding != null)
plugin = (Filesystem)type.GetConstructor(new[] {encoding.GetType()}) plugin = (Filesystem)type.GetConstructor(new[] {encoding.GetType()})?.Invoke(new object[] {encoding});
.Invoke(new object[] {encoding}); else plugin = (Filesystem)type.GetConstructor(Type.EmptyTypes)?.Invoke(new object[] { });
else plugin = (Filesystem)type.GetConstructor(Type.EmptyTypes).Invoke(new object[] { });
RegisterPlugin(plugin); RegisterPlugin(plugin);
} }
catch(Exception exception) { DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Exception {0}", exception); } catch(Exception exception) { DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Exception {0}", exception); }

2
DiscImageChef.Devices/Windows/UsbFunctions.cs
View File

@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Devices.Windows
} }
// Did we find an InterfaceID of a USB device? // Did we find an InterfaceID of a USB device?
if(instanceId.StartsWith("USB\\")) foundDevice = FindDeviceByInstanceId(instanceId); if(instanceId?.StartsWith("USB\\", StringComparison.Ordinal) == true) foundDevice = FindDeviceByInstanceId(instanceId);
return foundDevice; return foundDevice;
} }

4
DiscImageChef.DiscImages/AppleDOS.cs
View File

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.DiscImages
public override bool IdentifyImage(Filter imageFilter) public override bool IdentifyImage(Filter imageFilter)
{ {
extension = Path.GetExtension(imageFilter.GetFilename()).ToLower(); extension = Path.GetExtension(imageFilter.GetFilename())?.ToLower();
if(imageFilter.GetDataForkLength() == 143360 && (extension == ".po" || extension == ".do")) return true; if(imageFilter.GetDataForkLength() == 143360 && (extension == ".po" || extension == ".do")) return true;
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.DiscImages
deinterleaved = new byte[tmp.Length]; deinterleaved = new byte[tmp.Length];
extension = Path.GetExtension(imageFilter.GetFilename()).ToLower(); extension = Path.GetExtension(imageFilter.GetFilename())?.ToLower();
int[] offsets; int[] offsets;

4
DiscImageChef.DiscImages/ZZZRawImage.cs
View File

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.DiscImages
// Check if file is not multiple of 512 // Check if file is not multiple of 512
if(imageFilter.GetDataForkLength() % 512 == 0) return true; if(imageFilter.GetDataForkLength() % 512 == 0) return true;
extension = Path.GetExtension(imageFilter.GetFilename()).ToLower(); extension = Path.GetExtension(imageFilter.GetFilename())?.ToLower();
if(extension == ".hdf" && ImageInfo.ImageSize % 256 == 0) return true; if(extension == ".hdf" && ImageInfo.ImageSize % 256 == 0) return true;
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.DiscImages
Stream stream = imageFilter.GetDataForkStream(); Stream stream = imageFilter.GetDataForkStream();
stream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin); stream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
extension = Path.GetExtension(imageFilter.GetFilename()).ToLower(); extension = Path.GetExtension(imageFilter.GetFilename())?.ToLower();
switch(extension) { switch(extension) {
case ".iso" when imageFilter.GetDataForkLength() % 2048 == 0: ImageInfo.SectorSize = 2048; case ".iso" when imageFilter.GetDataForkLength() % 2048 == 0: ImageInfo.SectorSize = 2048;
break; break;

17
DiscImageChef.Filters/Filters.cs
View File

@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Filters
{ {
if(!type.IsSubclassOf(typeof(Filter))) continue; if(!type.IsSubclassOf(typeof(Filter))) continue;
Filter filter = (Filter)type.GetConstructor(Type.EmptyTypes).Invoke(new object[] { }); Filter filter = (Filter)type.GetConstructor(Type.EmptyTypes)?.Invoke(new object[] { });
if(!filtersList.ContainsKey(filter.Name.ToLower())) filtersList.Add(filter.Name.ToLower(), filter); if(filter != null && !filtersList.ContainsKey(filter.Name.ToLower())) filtersList.Add(filter.Name.ToLower(), filter);
} }
catch(Exception exception) { DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Exception {0}", exception); } catch(Exception exception) { DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Exception {0}", exception); }
} }
@@ -67,18 +67,17 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Filters
if(!filter.Identify(path)) continue; if(!filter.Identify(path)) continue;
Filter foundFilter = Filter foundFilter =
(Filter)filter.GetType().GetConstructor(Type.EmptyTypes).Invoke(new object[] { }); (Filter)filter.GetType().GetConstructor(Type.EmptyTypes)?.Invoke(new object[] { });
foundFilter.Open(path);
if(foundFilter.IsOpened()) return foundFilter; foundFilter?.Open(path);
if(foundFilter?.IsOpened() == true) return foundFilter;
} }
else noFilter = filter; else noFilter = filter;
if(!noFilter.Identify(path)) return noFilter; if(!noFilter?.Identify(path) == true) return noFilter;
noFilter.Open(path); noFilter?.Open(path);
if(noFilter.IsOpened()) return noFilter;
return noFilter; return noFilter;
} }

6
DiscImageChef.Interop/DetectOS.cs
View File

@@ -131,9 +131,9 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Interop
Marshal.FreeHGlobal(pStr); Marshal.FreeHGlobal(pStr);
Marshal.FreeHGlobal(pLen); Marshal.FreeHGlobal(pLen);
if(machine.StartsWith("iPad", StringComparison.Ordinal) || if(machine != null && (machine.StartsWith("iPad", StringComparison.Ordinal) ||
machine.StartsWith("iPod", StringComparison.Ordinal) || machine.StartsWith("iPod", StringComparison.Ordinal) ||
machine.StartsWith("iPhone", StringComparison.Ordinal)) return PlatformID.iOS; machine.StartsWith("iPhone", StringComparison.Ordinal))) return PlatformID.iOS;
return PlatformID.MacOSX; return PlatformID.MacOSX;
} }

2
DiscImageChef.Server/ViewReport.aspx.cs
View File

@@ -579,6 +579,8 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Server
{ {
_line = tocStream.ReadLine(); _line = tocStream.ReadLine();
if(_line == null) break;
if(_line.Length == 0 || _line[0] == '#') continue; if(_line.Length == 0 || _line[0] == '#') continue;
if(inManufacturer) if(inManufacturer)

69
DiscImageChef.Settings/Settings.cs
View File

@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Settings
case PlatformID.WinCE: case PlatformID.WinCE:
case PlatformID.WindowsPhone: case PlatformID.WindowsPhone:
{ {
RegistryKey parentKey = Registry.CurrentUser.OpenSubKey("SOFTWARE").OpenSubKey("Claunia.com"); RegistryKey parentKey = Registry.CurrentUser.OpenSubKey("SOFTWARE")?.OpenSubKey("Claunia.com");
if(parentKey == null) if(parentKey == null)
{ {
SetDefaultSettings(); SetDefaultSettings();
@@ -358,40 +358,43 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Settings
case PlatformID.WindowsPhone: case PlatformID.WindowsPhone:
{ {
RegistryKey parentKey = RegistryKey parentKey =
Registry.CurrentUser.OpenSubKey("SOFTWARE", true).CreateSubKey("Claunia.com"); Registry.CurrentUser.OpenSubKey("SOFTWARE", true)?.CreateSubKey("Claunia.com");
RegistryKey key = parentKey.CreateSubKey("DiscImageChef"); RegistryKey key = parentKey?.CreateSubKey("DiscImageChef");
key.SetValue("SaveReportsGlobally", Current.SaveReportsGlobally); if(key != null)
key.SetValue("ShareReports", Current.ShareReports); {
key.SetValue("SaveReportsGlobally", Current.SaveReportsGlobally);
key.SetValue("ShareReports", Current.ShareReports);
if(Current.Stats != null) if(Current.Stats != null)
{ {
key.SetValue("Statistics", true); key.SetValue("Statistics", true);
key.SetValue("ShareStats", Current.Stats.ShareStats); key.SetValue("ShareStats", Current.Stats.ShareStats);
key.SetValue("BenchmarkStats", Current.Stats.BenchmarkStats); key.SetValue("BenchmarkStats", Current.Stats.BenchmarkStats);
key.SetValue("CommandStats", Current.Stats.CommandStats); key.SetValue("CommandStats", Current.Stats.CommandStats);
key.SetValue("DeviceStats", Current.Stats.DeviceStats); key.SetValue("DeviceStats", Current.Stats.DeviceStats);
key.SetValue("FilesystemStats", Current.Stats.FilesystemStats); key.SetValue("FilesystemStats", Current.Stats.FilesystemStats);
key.SetValue("FilterStats", Current.Stats.FilterStats); key.SetValue("FilterStats", Current.Stats.FilterStats);
key.SetValue("MediaImageStats", Current.Stats.MediaImageStats); key.SetValue("MediaImageStats", Current.Stats.MediaImageStats);
key.SetValue("MediaScanStats", Current.Stats.MediaScanStats); key.SetValue("MediaScanStats", Current.Stats.MediaScanStats);
key.SetValue("PartitionStats", Current.Stats.PartitionStats); key.SetValue("PartitionStats", Current.Stats.PartitionStats);
key.SetValue("MediaStats", Current.Stats.MediaStats); key.SetValue("MediaStats", Current.Stats.MediaStats);
key.SetValue("VerifyStats", Current.Stats.VerifyStats); key.SetValue("VerifyStats", Current.Stats.VerifyStats);
} }
else else
{ {
key.SetValue("Statistics", true); key.SetValue("Statistics", true);
key.DeleteValue("ShareStats", false); key.DeleteValue("ShareStats", false);
key.DeleteValue("BenchmarkStats", false); key.DeleteValue("BenchmarkStats", false);
key.DeleteValue("CommandStats", false); key.DeleteValue("CommandStats", false);
key.DeleteValue("DeviceStats", false); key.DeleteValue("DeviceStats", false);
key.DeleteValue("FilesystemStats", false); key.DeleteValue("FilesystemStats", false);
key.DeleteValue("MediaImageStats", false); key.DeleteValue("MediaImageStats", false);
key.DeleteValue("MediaScanStats", false); key.DeleteValue("MediaScanStats", false);
key.DeleteValue("PartitionStats", false); key.DeleteValue("PartitionStats", false);
key.DeleteValue("MediaStats", false); key.DeleteValue("MediaStats", false);
key.DeleteValue("VerifyStats", false); key.DeleteValue("VerifyStats", false);
}
} }
} }
break; break;

22
DiscImageChef/Commands/Analyze.cs
View File

@@ -183,10 +183,13 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Commands
else else
{ {
plugins.PluginsList.TryGetValue(idPlugins[0], out plugin); plugins.PluginsList.TryGetValue(idPlugins[0], out plugin);
DicConsole.WriteLine(string.Format("Identified by {0}.", plugin.Name)); if(plugin != null)
plugin.GetInformation(imageFormat, partitions[i], out information); {
DicConsole.Write(information); DicConsole.WriteLine(string.Format("Identified by {0}.", plugin.Name));
Core.Statistics.AddFilesystem(plugin.XmlFSType.Type); plugin.GetInformation(imageFormat, partitions[i], out information);
DicConsole.Write(information);
Core.Statistics.AddFilesystem(plugin.XmlFSType.Type);
}
} }
} }
} }
@@ -219,10 +222,13 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Commands
else else
{ {
plugins.PluginsList.TryGetValue(idPlugins[0], out plugin); plugins.PluginsList.TryGetValue(idPlugins[0], out plugin);
DicConsole.WriteLine(string.Format("Identified by {0}.", plugin.Name)); if(plugin != null)
plugin.GetInformation(imageFormat, wholePart, out information); {
DicConsole.Write(information); DicConsole.WriteLine(string.Format("Identified by {0}.", plugin.Name));
Core.Statistics.AddFilesystem(plugin.XmlFSType.Type); plugin.GetInformation(imageFormat, wholePart, out information);
DicConsole.Write(information);
Core.Statistics.AddFilesystem(plugin.XmlFSType.Type);
}
} }
} }
} }

21
DiscImageChef/Commands/Checksum.cs
View File

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Commands
byte[] hiddenSector = inputFormat.ReadSector(i); byte[] hiddenSector = inputFormat.ReadSector(i);
mediaChecksum.Update(hiddenSector); mediaChecksum?.Update(hiddenSector);
} }
DicConsole.DebugWriteLine("Checksum command", DicConsole.DebugWriteLine("Checksum command",
@@ -155,17 +155,19 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Commands
doneSectors += sectors - doneSectors; doneSectors += sectors - doneSectors;
} }
if(options.WholeDisc) mediaChecksum.Update(sector); if(options.WholeDisc)
mediaChecksum?.Update(sector);
if(options.SeparatedTracks) trackChecksum.Update(sector); if(options.SeparatedTracks) trackChecksum?.Update(sector);
} }
DicConsole.WriteLine(); DicConsole.WriteLine();
if(options.SeparatedTracks) if(options.SeparatedTracks)
foreach(ChecksumType chk in trackChecksum.End()) if(trackChecksum != null)
DicConsole.WriteLine("Track {0}'s {1}: {2}", currentTrack.TrackSequence, chk.type, foreach(ChecksumType chk in trackChecksum.End())
chk.Value); DicConsole.WriteLine("Track {0}'s {1}: {2}", currentTrack.TrackSequence, chk.type,
chk.Value);
previousTrackEnd = currentTrack.TrackEndSector; previousTrackEnd = currentTrack.TrackEndSector;
} }
@@ -176,12 +178,13 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Commands
DicConsole.Write("\rHashing track-less sector {0}", i); DicConsole.Write("\rHashing track-less sector {0}", i);
byte[] hiddenSector = inputFormat.ReadSector(i); byte[] hiddenSector = inputFormat.ReadSector(i);
mediaChecksum.Update(hiddenSector); mediaChecksum?.Update(hiddenSector);
} }
if(options.WholeDisc) if(options.WholeDisc)
foreach(ChecksumType chk in mediaChecksum.End()) if(mediaChecksum != null)
DicConsole.WriteLine("Disk's {0}: {1}", chk.type, chk.Value); foreach(ChecksumType chk in mediaChecksum.End())
DicConsole.WriteLine("Disk's {0}: {1}", chk.type, chk.Value);
} }
catch(Exception ex) catch(Exception ex)
{ {

96
DiscImageChef/Commands/Ls.cs
View File

@@ -152,14 +152,18 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Commands
.GetType().GetConstructor(new[] .GetType().GetConstructor(new[]
{ {
typeof(ImagePlugin), typeof(Partition), typeof(Encoding) typeof(ImagePlugin), typeof(Partition), typeof(Encoding)
}).Invoke(new object[] {imageFormat, partitions[i], null}); })
?.Invoke(new object[] {imageFormat, partitions[i], null});
if(fs == null) continue;
error = fs.Mount(options.Debug); error = fs.Mount(options.Debug);
if(error == Errno.NoError) if(error == Errno.NoError)
{ {
List<string> rootDir = new List<string>(); List<string> rootDir = new List<string>();
error = fs.ReadDir("/", ref rootDir); error = fs.ReadDir("/", ref rootDir);
if(error == Errno.NoError) foreach(string entry in rootDir) DicConsole.WriteLine("{0}", entry); if(error == Errno.NoError)
foreach(string entry in rootDir) DicConsole.WriteLine("{0}", entry);
else else
DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Error {0} reading root directory {0}", DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Error {0} reading root directory {0}",
error.ToString()); error.ToString());
@@ -179,15 +183,20 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Commands
.GetType().GetConstructor(new[] .GetType().GetConstructor(new[]
{ {
typeof(ImagePlugin), typeof(Partition), typeof(Encoding) typeof(ImagePlugin), typeof(Partition), typeof(Encoding)
}).Invoke(new object[] {imageFormat, partitions[i], null}); })
?.Invoke(new object[] {imageFormat, partitions[i], null});
if(fs == null) continue;
error = fs.Mount(options.Debug); error = fs.Mount(options.Debug);
if(error == Errno.NoError) if(error == Errno.NoError)
{ {
List<string> rootDir = new List<string>(); List<string> rootDir = new List<string>();
error = fs.ReadDir("/", ref rootDir); error = fs.ReadDir("/", ref rootDir);
if(error == Errno.NoError) foreach(string entry in rootDir) DicConsole.WriteLine("{0}", entry); if(error == Errno.NoError)
foreach(string entry in rootDir) DicConsole.WriteLine("{0}", entry);
else else
DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Error {0} reading root directory {0}", error.ToString()); DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Error {0} reading root directory {0}",
error.ToString());
Core.Statistics.AddFilesystem(fs.XmlFSType.Type); Core.Statistics.AddFilesystem(fs.XmlFSType.Type);
} }
@@ -217,15 +226,20 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Commands
.GetType().GetConstructor(new[] .GetType().GetConstructor(new[]
{ {
typeof(ImagePlugin), typeof(Partition), typeof(Encoding) typeof(ImagePlugin), typeof(Partition), typeof(Encoding)
}).Invoke(new object[] {imageFormat, wholePart, null}); })
?.Invoke(new object[] {imageFormat, wholePart, null});
if(fs == null) continue;
error = fs.Mount(options.Debug); error = fs.Mount(options.Debug);
if(error == Errno.NoError) if(error == Errno.NoError)
{ {
List<string> rootDir = new List<string>(); List<string> rootDir = new List<string>();
error = fs.ReadDir("/", ref rootDir); error = fs.ReadDir("/", ref rootDir);
if(error == Errno.NoError) foreach(string entry in rootDir) DicConsole.WriteLine("{0}", entry); if(error == Errno.NoError)
foreach(string entry in rootDir) DicConsole.WriteLine("{0}", entry);
else else
DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Error {0} reading root directory {0}", error.ToString()); DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Error {0} reading root directory {0}",
error.ToString());
Core.Statistics.AddFilesystem(fs.XmlFSType.Type); Core.Statistics.AddFilesystem(fs.XmlFSType.Type);
} }
@@ -235,48 +249,50 @@ namespace DiscImageChef.Commands
else else
{ {
plugins.PluginsList.TryGetValue(idPlugins[0], out plugin); plugins.PluginsList.TryGetValue(idPlugins[0], out plugin);
DicConsole.WriteLine(string.Format("Identified by {0}.", plugin.Name)); if(plugin != null)
Filesystem fs = (Filesystem)plugin
.GetType().GetConstructor(new[]
{
typeof(ImagePlugin), typeof(Partition), typeof(Encoding)
}).Invoke(new object[] {imageFormat, wholePart, null});
error = fs.Mount(options.Debug);
if(error == Errno.NoError)
{ {
List<string> rootDir = new List<string>(); DicConsole.WriteLine(string.Format("Identified by {0}.", plugin.Name));
error = fs.ReadDir("/", ref rootDir); Filesystem fs = (Filesystem)plugin
.GetType().GetConstructor(new[] {typeof(ImagePlugin), typeof(Partition), typeof(Encoding)})
?.Invoke(new object[] {imageFormat, wholePart, null});
error = fs.Mount(options.Debug);
if(error == Errno.NoError) if(error == Errno.NoError)
foreach(string entry in rootDir) {
if(options.Long) List<string> rootDir = new List<string>();
{ error = fs.ReadDir("/", ref rootDir);
FileEntryInfo stat = new FileEntryInfo(); if(error == Errno.NoError)
List<string> xattrs = new List<string>(); foreach(string entry in rootDir)
if(options.Long)
error = fs.Stat(entry, ref stat);
if(error == Errno.NoError)
{ {
DicConsole.WriteLine("{0}\t{1}\t{2} bytes\t{3}", stat.CreationTimeUtc, FileEntryInfo stat = new FileEntryInfo();
stat.Inode, stat.Length, entry); List<string> xattrs = new List<string>();
error = fs.ListXAttr(entry, ref xattrs); error = fs.Stat(entry, ref stat);
if(error != Errno.NoError) continue; if(error == Errno.NoError)
foreach(string xattr in xattrs)
{ {
byte[] xattrBuf = new byte[0]; DicConsole.WriteLine("{0}\t{1}\t{2} bytes\t{3}", stat.CreationTimeUtc,
error = fs.GetXattr(entry, xattr, ref xattrBuf); stat.Inode, stat.Length, entry);
if(error == Errno.NoError) DicConsole.WriteLine("\t\t{0}\t{1} bytes", xattr, xattrBuf.Length);
error = fs.ListXAttr(entry, ref xattrs);
if(error != Errno.NoError) continue;
foreach(string xattr in xattrs)
{
byte[] xattrBuf = new byte[0];
error = fs.GetXattr(entry, xattr, ref xattrBuf);
if(error == Errno.NoError)
DicConsole.WriteLine("\t\t{0}\t{1} bytes", xattr, xattrBuf.Length);
}
} }
else DicConsole.WriteLine("{0}", entry);
} }
else DicConsole.WriteLine("{0}", entry); else DicConsole.WriteLine("{0}", entry);
} else DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Error {0} reading root directory {0}", error.ToString());
else DicConsole.WriteLine("{0}", entry);
else DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Error {0} reading root directory {0}", error.ToString());
Core.Statistics.AddFilesystem(fs.XmlFSType.Type); Core.Statistics.AddFilesystem(fs.XmlFSType.Type);
}
else DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Unable to mount device, error {0}", error.ToString());
} }
else DicConsole.ErrorWriteLine("Unable to mount device, error {0}", error.ToString());
} }
} }
catch(Exception ex) catch(Exception ex)