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*** D81 (Electronic form of a physical 1581 disk)
*** Document revision: 1.4
*** Last updated: Nov 7, 2008
*** Compiler/Editor: Peter Schepers
*** Contributors/sources: unknown
Like D64 and D71, this is a byte for byte copy of a physical 1581 disk.
It consists of 80 tracks, 40 sectors each (0 to 39) for a size of 819200
bytes, or 3200 sectors. If the error byte block is attached, this makes the
file size 822400 bytes.
There are three sectors on the directory track used for disk internals
(header and BAM), leaving 37 sectors for filename entries, thus allowing
for 296 files (37 * 8) to be stored at the root level of the disk.
The actual physical layout on the disk is quite different from what the
user sees, but this is unimportant to the scope of this document. One
important difference from the D64 and D71 is all the sector interleaves is
now 1 for both files and directory storage (rather than 3 for directory and
10 for file on a D64/D71) . This is due to the built-in buffering in the
1581. When reading a sector, the whole track will be buffered in memory,
and any sectors being modified will be done in memory. Once it has to be
written, the whole track will be written out in one step.
The track range and offsets into the D81 files are as follows:
Track #Sect #SectorsIn D81 Offset | Track #Sect #SectorsIn D81 Offset
----- ----- ---------- ---------- | ----- ----- ---------- ----------
1 40 0 $00000 | 41 40 1600 $64000
2 40 40 $02800 | 42 40 1640 $66800
3 40 80 $05000 | 43 40 1680 $69000
4 40 120 $07800 | 44 40 1720 $6B800
5 40 160 $0A000 | 45 40 1760 $6E000
6 40 200 $0C800 | 46 40 1800 $70800
7 40 240 $0F000 | 47 40 1840 $73000
8 40 280 $11800 | 48 40 1880 $75800
9 40 320 $14000 | 49 40 1920 $78000
10 40 360 $16800 | 50 40 1960 $7A800
11 40 400 $19000 | 51 40 2000 $7D000
12 40 440 $1B800 | 52 40 2040 $7F800
13 40 480 $1E000 | 53 40 2080 $82000
14 40 520 $20800 | 54 40 2120 $84800
15 40 560 $23000 | 55 40 2160 $87000
16 40 600 $25800 | 56 40 2200 $89800
17 40 640 $28000 | 57 40 2240 $8C000
18 40 680 $2A800 | 58 40 2280 $8E800
19 40 720 $2D000 | 59 40 2320 $91000
20 40 760 $2F800 | 60 40 2360 $93800
21 40 800 $32000 | 61 40 2400 $96000
22 40 840 $34800 | 62 40 2440 $98800
23 40 880 $37000 | 63 40 2480 $9B000
24 40 920 $39800 | 64 40 2520 $9D800
25 40 960 $3C000 | 65 40 2560 $A0000
26 40 1000 $3E800 | 66 40 2600 $A2B00
27 40 1040 $41000 | 67 40 2640 $A5000
28 40 1080 $43800 | 68 40 2680 $A7800
29 40 1120 $46000 | 69 40 2720 $AA000
30 40 1160 $48800 | 70 40 2760 $AC800
31 40 1200 $4B000 | 71 40 2800 $AF000
32 40 1240 $4D800 | 72 40 2840 $B1800
33 40 1280 $50000 | 73 40 2880 $B4000
34 40 1320 $52800 | 74 40 2920 $B6800
35 40 1360 $55000 | 75 40 2960 $B9000
36 40 1400 $57800 | 76 40 3000 $BB800
37 40 1440 $5A000 | 77 40 3040 $BE000
38 40 1480 $5C800 | 78 40 3080 $C0800
39 40 1520 $5F000 | 79 40 3120 $C3000
40 40 1560 $61800 | 80 40 3160 $C5800
The header sector is stored at 40/0, and contains the disk name, ID and
DOS version bytes, but the BAM is no longer contained here (like the D64).
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F ASCII
----------------------------------------------- ----------------
00: 28 03 44 00 31 35 38 31 20 55 54 49 4C 49 54 59 (.D<>1581<38>UTILITY
10: 20 56 30 31 A0 A0 47 42 A0 33 44 A0 A0 00 00 00 <20>V01<30><31>GB<47>3D<33><44><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
30: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
40: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
50: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
60: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
70: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
80: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
90: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
A0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
B0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
E0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Bytes:$00-01: Track/Sector location of the first directory sector (should
be set to 40/3 but it doesn't matter, and don't trust what
is there, always go to 40/3 for first directory entry)
02: Disk DOS version type (see note below)
$44 ('D')=1581
03: $00
04-13: 16 character Disk Name (padded with $A0)
14-15: $A0
16-17: Disk ID
18: $A0
19: DOS Version ("3")
1A: Disk version ("D")
1B-1C: $A0
1D-FF: Unused (usually $00)
The following might be set if the disk is a GEOS format (this info is
based on the D64 layout, and might not prove to be true)
AB-AC: Border sector (GEOS only, else set to $00)
AD-BC: GEOS ID string ("geos FORMAT V1.x" GEOS only, else $00)
BD-FF: Unused (usually $00)
Note: If the DOS version byte is changed to anything other than a $44 (or
$00), then we have what is called "soft write protection". Any attempt to
write to the disk will return the "DOS Version" error code 73. The drive is
simply telling you that it thinks the disk format version is incompatible.
The directory track should be contained totally on track 40. Sectors 3-39
contain the entries and sector 1 and 2 contain the BAM (Block Availability
Map). Sector 0 holds the disk name and ID. The first directory sector is
always 40/3, even though the t/s pointer at 40/0 (first two bytes) might
point somewhere else. It goes linearly up the sector count, 3-4-5-6-etc.
Each sector holds up to eight entries.
The first two bytes of the sector ($28/$04) indicate the location of the
next track/sector of the directory (40/4). If the track is set to $00, then
it is the last sector of the directory. It is possible, however unlikely,
that the directory may *not* be competely on track 40. Just follow the
chain anyhow.
When the directory is done (track=$00), the sector should contain an $FF,
meaning the whole sector is allocated. Theactual value doesn't matter as
all the entries will be returned anyways. Each directory sector has the
following layout:
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F ASCII
----------------------------------------------- ----------------
00: 28 04 81 2B 00 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 20 33 A0 A0 (.<2E>+<2B>SCREEN<45><4E>3<EFBFBD><33>
10: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>.<2E>
20: 00 00 81 2B 01 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 20 34 A0 A0 <20><><EFBFBD>+.SCREEN<45><4E>4<EFBFBD><34>
30: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>.<2E>
40: 00 00 81 2B 02 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 20 35 A0 A0 <20><><EFBFBD>+.SCREEN<45><4E>5<EFBFBD><35>
50: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 07 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>.<2E>
60: 00 00 81 2B 08 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 20 36 A0 A0 <20><><EFBFBD>+.SCREEN<45><4E>6<EFBFBD><36>
70: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>.<2E>
80: 00 00 81 2B 14 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 20 37 A0 A0 <20><><EFBFBD>+.SCREEN<45><4E>7<EFBFBD><37>
90: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 07 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>.<2E>
A0: 00 00 81 24 00 53 43 52 45 45 4E 20 20 38 A0 A0 <20><><EFBFBD>$<24>SCREEN<45><4E>8<EFBFBD><38>
B0: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0B 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>.<2E>
C0: 00 00 82 24 04 46 49 4C 45 34 32 39 33 36 39 30 <20><><EFBFBD>$.FILE4293690
D0: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 07 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>.<2E>
E0: 00 00 82 24 06 46 49 4C 45 32 35 37 38 38 31 35 <20><><EFBFBD>$.FILE2578815
F0: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>.<2E>
Bytes: $00-1F: First directory entry
00-01: Track/Sector location of next directory sector
02: File type.
Bit 0-3: The actual filetype
000 (0) - DEL ($00)
001 (1) - SEQ ($81)
010 (2) - PRG ($82)
011 (3) - USR ($83)
100 (4) - REL ($84)
101 (5) - CBM ($85, partition or sub-directory)
Values 6-15 are illegal, but if used will produce
very strange results.
Bit 4: Not used
Bit 5: Used only during SAVE-@ replacement
Bit 6: Locked flag (Set produces ">" locked files)
Bit 7: Closed flag (Not set produces "*", or "splat"
files)
Typical values for this location are:
$00 - Scratched (deleted file entry)
80 - DEL
81 - SEQ
82 - PRG
83 - USR
84 - REL
85 - CBM
03-04: Track/sector location of first sector of file or partition
05-14: 16 character filename (in PETASCII, padded with $A0)
15-16: Track/Sector location of first SUPER SIDE SECTOR block
(REL file only)
17: REL file record length (REL file only)
18-1D: Unused (except with GEOS disks)
1C-1D: (Used during an @SAVE or @OPEN, holds the new t/s link)
1E-1F: File or partition size in sectors, low/high byte order
($1E+$1F*256). The approx. file size in bytes is <=
#sectors * 254
20-3F: Second dir entry. From now on the first two bytes of each
entry in this sector should be $00/$00, as they are
unused.
40-5F: Third dir entry
60-7F: Fourth dir entry
80-9F: Fifth dir entry
A0-BF: Sixth dir entry
C0-DF: Seventh dir entry
E0-FF: Eighth dir entry
*** Non-Standard & Long Directories
Most Commdore floppy disk drives use a single dedicated directory track
where all filenames are stored. This limits the number of files stored on a
disk based on the number of sectors on the directory track. There are some
disk images that contain more files than would normally be allowed. This
requires extending the directory off the default directory track by
changing the last directory sector pointer to a new track, allocating the
new sectors in the BAM, and manually placing (or moving existing) file
entries there. The directory of an extended disk can be read and the files
that reside there can be loaded without problems on a real drive. However,
this is still a very dangerous practice as writing to the extended portion
of the directory will cause directory corruption in the non-extended part.
Many of the floppy drives core ROM routines ignore the track value that the
directory is on and assume the default directory track for operations.
To explain: assume that the directory has been extended from track 18 to
track 19/6 and that the directory is full except for a few slots on 19/6.
When saving a new file, the drive DOS will find an empty file slot at 19/6
offset $40 and correctly write the filename and a few other things into
this slot. When the file is done being saved the final file information
will be written to 18/6 offset $40 instead of 19/6 causing some directory
corruption to the entry at 18/6. Also, the BAM entries for the sectors
occupied by the new file will not be saved and the new file will be left as
a SPLAT (*) file.
Attempts to validate the disk will result in those files residing off the
directory track to not be allocated in the BAM, and could also send the
drive into an endless loop. The default directory track is assumed for all
sector reads when validating so if the directory goes to 19/6, then the
validate code will read 18/6 instead. If 18/6 is part of the normal
directory chain then the validate routine will loop endlessly.
*** BAM layout
The BAM is located on 40/1 (for side 0, tracks 1-40) and 40/2 (for side
1, tracks 41-80). Each entry takes up six bytes, one for the "free sector"
count and five for the allocation bitmap.
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F ASCII
----------------------------------------------- ----------------
00: 28 02 44 BB 47 42 C0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 (.D<>GB<47><42><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
10: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF (<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD>
20: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF <20><>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28>
30: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
40: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF (<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD>
50: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF <20><>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28>
60: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
70: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF (<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD>
80: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF <20><>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28>
90: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
A0: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF (<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD>
B0: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF <20><>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28>
C0: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
D0: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF (<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD>
E0: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF <20><>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28>
F0: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 24 F0 FF 2D FF FE <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>$<24><>-<2D><>
Bytes:$00-01: Track/sector of next bam sector (40/2)
02: Version # ('D')
03: One's complement of version# ($BB)
04-05: Disk ID bytes (same as 40/0 Disk ID)
06: I/O byte
bit 7 set - Verify on
bit 7 clear - Verify off
bit 6 set - Check header CRC
bit 6 clear - Don't check header CRC
07: Auto-boot-loader flag (see section at end of document)
08-0F: Reserved for future (set to $00)
10-15: BAM entry for track 1 (track 41, side 1)
16-1B: BAM entry for track 2 (track 42, side 1)
...
46-4B: BAM entry for track 10 (track 50, side 1)
...
82-87: BAM entry for track 20 (track 60, side 1)
...
BE-C3: BAM entry for track 30 (track 70, side 1)
...
FA-FF: BAM entry for track 40 (track 80, side 1)
The BAM entries require some explanation, so lets look at the track 40
entry at bytes $FA-FF ($24 $F0 $FF $2D $FF $FE). The first byte ($24, or 36
decimal) is the number of free sectors on that track. The next five bytes
represent the bitmap of which sectors are used/free. Since it is five bytes
(8 bits/byte) we have 40 bits of storage. Since this format has 40
sectors/track, the whole five bytes are used.
F0: .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 F0 FF 2D FF FE <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>$<24><>-<2D><>
The last five bytes of any BAM entry must be viewed in binary to make any
sense. We will once again use track 40 as our reference:
F0=11110000, FF=11111111, 2D=00101101, FF=11111111, FE=11111110
In order to make any sense from the binary notation, flip the bits around.
111111 11112222 22222233 33333333
Sector 01234567 89012345 67890123 45678901 23456789
-------------------------- -------- --------
00001111 11111111 10110100 11111111 01111111
Note that if a bit is on (1), the sector is free. Therefore, track 40 has
sectors 0-3, 17, 20, 22, 23 and 32 used, all the rest are free.
The second BAM (for side 1) contains the entries for tracks 41-80.
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F ASCII
----------------------------------------------- ----------------
00: 00 FF 44 BB 47 42 C0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 (.D<>GB<47><42><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
10: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF (<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD>
20: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF <20><>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28>
30: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
40: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF (<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD>
50: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF <20><>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28>
60: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
70: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF (<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD>
80: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF <20><>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28>
90: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
A0: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF (<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD>
B0: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF <20><>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28>
C0: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
D0: 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF (<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD>
E0: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF <20><>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28>
F0: FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
It is laid out exactly as the side 0 BAM except for one difference. The
track/sector reference for the next sector should be set to $00/$FF,
indicating there is no next sector.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
*** REL files
The REL filetype requires some extra explaining. It was designed to make
access to data *anywhere* on the disk very fast. Take a look at this
directory entry...
00: 00 FF 84 27 00 41 44 44 49 54 49 4F 4E 41 4C 20 <20><><EFBFBD>'<27>ADDITIONAL<41>
10: 49 4E 46 4F A0 27 02 FE 00 00 00 00 00 00 D2 0B INFO<46>'...<2E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>.
The third byte ($84) indicates this entry is a REL file and that the
three normally empty entries at offset $15, $16 and $17 are now used as
they are explained above. It's the track/sector chain that this entry
points to, called the SUPER SIDE SECTOR, which is of interest here (in this
case, 39/2). The SUPER SIDE SECTOR is very different from the D64 format.
If you check the D64 entry for a REL file and do the calculations, you will
find that the maximum file size of the REL file is 720 data sectors. With
the new SUPER SIDE SECTOR, you can now have 126 groups of these SIDE
SECTORS chains, allowing for file sizes up to (theoretically) 90720
sectors, or about 22.15 Megabytes.
Here is a dump of the beginning of the SUPER SIDE SECTOR...
00: 27 01 FE 27 01 15 09 03 0F 38 16 4A 1C 00 00 00 '.<2E>'.....8.J.<2E><><EFBFBD>
10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
Bytes:$00-01: Track/sector of first side sector in group 0
02: Always $FE
03-04: Track/sector of first side sector in group 0 (again)
...
FD-FE: Track/sector of first side sector in group 125
FF: Unused (likely $00)
The side sector layout is the same as the D64/1571.
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
-----------------------------------------------
00: 12 0A 00 FE 15 09 12 0A 0F 0B 0C 0C 09 0D 06 0E
10: 15 07 15 08 15 0A 15 0B 15 0C 15 0D 15 0E 15 0F
20: 15 10 15 11 15 12 15 13 15 14 15 15 15 16 15 17
30: 15 18 15 19 15 1A 15 1B 15 1C 15 1D 15 1E 15 1F
40: 15 20 15 21 15 22 15 23 15 24 15 25 15 26 15 27
50: 14 00 14 01 14 02 14 03 14 04 14 05 14 06 14 07
60: 14 08 14 09 14 0A 14 0B 14 0C 14 0D 14 0E 14 0F
70: 14 10 14 11 14 12 14 13 14 14 14 15 14 16 14 17
80: 14 18 14 19 14 1A 14 1B 14 1C 14 1D 14 1E 14 1F
90: 14 20 14 21 14 22 14 23 14 24 14 25 14 26 14 27
A0: 13 00 13 01 13 02 13 03 13 04 13 05 13 06 13 07
B0: 13 08 13 09 13 0A 13 0B 13 0C 13 0D 13 0E 13 0F
C0: 13 10 13 11 13 12 13 13 13 14 13 15 13 16 13 17
D0: 13 18 13 19 13 1A 13 1B 13 1C 13 1D 13 1E 13 1F
E0: 13 20 13 21 13 22 13 23 13 24 13 25 13 26 13 27
F0: 12 00 12 01 12 02 12 03 12 04 12 05 12 06 12 07
Bytes: $00: Track location of next side-sector ($00 if last sector)
01: Sector location of next side-sector
02: Side-sector block number (first sector is $00, the next is
$01, then $02, etc)
03: REL file RECORD size (from directory entry)
04-0F: Track/sector locations of the six other side-sectors. Note
the first entry is this very sector we have listed here.
The next is the next t/s listed at the beginning of the
sector. All of this information must be correct. If one of
these chains is $00/$00, then we have no more side sectors.
Also, all of these (up to six) side sectors must have the
same values in this range.
10-FF: T/S chains of *each* sector of the data portion. When we
get a $00/$00, we are at the end of the file.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
*** 1581 Partitions and Sub-directories
At the beginning of this document it was stated that the 1581 can hold
296 entries "at the root level". The 1581 also has the ability to partition
areas of the disk. Under the right conditions these can become
sub-directories, acting as a small diskette, complete with its own
directory and BAM. When you are inside of a sub-directory, no other files
except those in that directory are visible, or can be affected.
To the 1581, this file will show up as a "CBM" filetype in a directory.
All this does is tell the disk that a file, starting at X/Y track/sector
and Z sectors large exists. Doing a validate will not harm these files as
they have a directory entry, and are fully allocated in the BAM.
There are two main uses for partitions. One is to simply allocate a
section of the disk to be used for direct-access reads/writes, and lock it
away from being overwritten after a VALIDATE. The second is as a
sub-directory, basically a small "disk within a disk".
In order to use a partition as a sub-directory, it must adhere to the
following four rules:
1. If must start on sector 0
2. It's size must be in multiples of 40 sectors
3. It must be a minimum of 120 sectors long (3 tracks)
4. If must not start on or cross track 40, which limits the biggest
directory to 1600 sectors (tracks 1-39).
This is a dump of a sub-directory entry:
00: 00 FF 85 29 00 50 41 52 54 49 54 49 4F 4E 20 31 <20><><EFBFBD>)<29>PARTITION<4F>1
10: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 06 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>@.
It is a partition starting on track 41/0, extends for 1600 sectors, and
has been formatted as a sub-directory. Note that when a partition is
created, the area being allocated is not touched in any way. If you want it
set up as a sub-directory, you must issue the FORMAT command to the 1581 to
create the central directory and BAM. Also note that from the directory
entry you can't tell whether it is a sub-directory or not, just that it
fits the sub-directory parameters.
The BAM track for the sub-directory exists on the first track of the
partition, and has the same layout as the disk BAM on track 40. The biggest
difference is the "disk name" is what what given when the partition was
formatted rather than what the actual disk name is. Also, except for the
free sectors in the partition area, all other sectors in the BAM will be
allocated.
If the partition size doesn't match the above rules for a sub-directory,
it will simply exist as a "protected" area of the disk, and can't be used a
sub-directory. Either way, it still shows up as a "CBM" type in a directory
listing. Below is a dump of a 10-sector partition starting on track 5/1,
which does not qualify as a sub-directory...
00: 00 00 85 05 01 53 4D 41 4C 4C 50 41 52 54 20 32 <20><><EFBFBD>..SMALLPART<52>2
10: A0 A0 A0 A0 A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0A 00 <20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
The master BAM shows the entry for this partition on track 5...
00: 28 02 44 BB 43 44 C0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 (.D<>CD<43><44><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
10: 23 C1 FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 28 FF FF FF #<23><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28><><EFBFBD>
20: FF FF 28 FF FF FF FF FF 1E 01 F8 FF FF FF 28 FF <20><>(<28><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>..<2E><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>(<28>
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The breakdown of the BAM shows the allocation for this track, with
sectors 1-10 allocated, as it should be.
10000000 00011111 11111111 11111111 11111111
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
0 10 20 30 39
Partitions and sub-directories share one very important trait. When
created, the sub-directory entry simply has the starting track/sector and
the size of the partition in sectors. Partitions are created linearly,
meaning if one starts on 30/1 and is of size 15 sectors, then the sector
range from 1 through 15 on track 30 will be allocated. If a partition size
crosses a track boundary, the allocation will continue on the next track
starting on sector 0, and going up.
The section allocated will *not* have a track/sector chain like a file
would, but rather is dependant on the directory entry to keep it from being
overwritten. You can store whatever you want to in the allocated area.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
*** AUTO-BOOT LOADER
If byte $07 in the BAM is set, then when the drive is reset (and other
circumstances) it will look for a USR file called "COPYRIGHT CBM 86". This
file will then be loaded into the drive RAM and executed.
The format for this auto-loader file is fairly basic. It starts with a
two-byte load address, a size byte, program data, and a checksum at the
end.
Bytes: 00-01: Load address, low/high format
02: Size of program (SZ) (smaller than 256 bytes)
03-(03+SZ-1): Program data
03+SZ: Checksum byte
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
*** Overall Good/Bad of D81 Files:
Good
----
* Most emulators support them
* Supports *all* filenames, even those with $00's in them
* Filenames padded with the standard $A0 character
* Supports GEOS files
* Supports REL files
* Allows directory customization
* Because it is a random-access device, it supports fast-loaders and
random sector access
* Cluster slack-space loss is minimized since the file is a larger fixed
size
* Has a label (description) field
* With the inclusion of error bytes, you have support for basic
copy-protection
* Files on a disk can easily be re-written, as long as there is free
blocks
Bad
---
* The format doesn't contain *all* the info from the 1581 disk (no sector
header info like ID bytes, checksums). This renders some of the
original special-loaders and copy-protection useless.
* You don't *really* know the file size of the contained C64 files in
bytes, only blocks
* It can't store C64s FRZ files (due to FRZ files needing a special flag
that a D81 can't store)
* Directory limited to 296 files maximum
* It is not an expandable filesize, like LNX or T64, but the directory is
large enough not to worry about this limitation
* Unless most of the space on a D81 disk is used, you do end up with lost
space
* Cannot have loadable files with the same names
* Has no recognizeable file signature (unlike most other formats). The
only reliable way to know if a file is a D81 is by its size
* It is too easy for people to muck up the standard layout
* It is much more difficult to support fully, as you really need to
emulate the 1581 DOS (sector interleave, REL support, GEOS interleave)
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