libcdio-osx/doc/glossary.texi

See also @uref{http://www.dvdrhelp.com/glossary}.

@table @acronym

@item ATAPI

Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface. An interface to
support CD Drives and DVD Drives using the computers current IDE
connections. IDE(also called ATA) was originally designed for hard
drives only, but with help of ATAPI it is possible to connect other
devices to the IDE/EIDE connections.

@item BIN/CUE

A CD-image format used by the CDRWin software on Microsoft
Windows. Many other programs subsequently support using this
format. The .CUE file is a text file which contains CD format and
track layout information, while the .BIN file holds the actual data
of each track.

@item CD
Compact Disc

@item CD-DA
Compact Disc Digital Audio, described in the ``Red Book'' or ICE
908. This commonly referred to as an audio @acronym{CD} and what most
people think of when you play a @acronym{CD} as it was the first to
use the @acronym{CD} medium.

@item CD-i

Compact Disc interactive. An extension of the CD format designed
around a set-top computer that connects to a TV to provide interactive
home entertainment, including digital audio and video, video games,
and software applications. Defined by the ``Green Book'' standard.
@uref{http://www.icdia.org/}. CD-i for video and video music has
largely (if not totally) been superceded by VCDs.

@item CD-i Bridge

A standard allowing CD-ROM XA discs to play on CD-i.  Kodak PhotoCDs
are CD-XA Bridge discs.

@item CD-ROM
Compact Disc Read Only Memory or ``Yellow Book'' describe in Standards
ISO/IEC 10149. The data stored on it can be either in the form of
audio, computer or video files.

@item CD-ROM Mode 1 and Mode2

The Yellow Book specifies two types of tracks, Mode 1 and Mode 2. Mode
1 is used for computer data and text and has an extra error correction
layer. Mode 2 is for audio and video data and has no extra correction
layer. CD-ROM/XA An expansion of the CD-ROM Mode 2 format that allows
both computer and audio/video to be mixed in the same track.

@item CD XA
CD-ROM EXtended Architecture. A modification to the CD-ROM
specification that defines two new types of sectors.  CD-ROM XA was
developed jointly by Sony, Philips, and Microsoft, and announced in
August 1988. Its specifications were published in an extension to the
Yellow Book.  CD-i, Photo CD, Video CD and CD-EXTRA have all
subsequently been based on CD-ROM XA.

CD-XA defines another way of formatting sectors on a CD-ROM, including
headers in the sectors that describe the type (audio, video, data) and
some additional info (markers, resolution in case of a video or audio
sector, file numbers, etc).

The data written on a CD-XA is consistent with and can be in ISO-9660
file system format and therefore be readable by ISO-9660 file system
translators. But also a CD-I player can also read CD-XA discs even if
its own `Green Book' file system only resembles ISO 9660 and isn't
fully compatible. 

@item FSF
Free Software Foundation, @uref{http://www.fsf.org/}

@item GNU
@acronym{GNU} is not @acronym{UNIX}, @uref{http://www.gnu.org/}

@item ISO
International Standards Organization. 

@item ISO 9660

The ISO 9660 is a filesystem format for CD-ROM
media. It was standardized in 1988 and replaced the High Sierra
standard for the logical format on CD-ROM media (ISO 9660 and High
Sierra are identical in content, but the exact format is different).

There are several specification levels. In Level 1, file names must be
in the 8.3 format (no more than eight characters in the name, no more
than three characters in the suffix) and in capital letters. Directory
names can be no longer than eight characters. There can be no more
than eight nested directory levels. Level 2 and 3 specifications allow
file names up to 32 characters long.

@item Joliet extensions

This standard was developed for Windows 95 and Windows NT by Microsoft
as an extension of ISO 9600 which allows the use of Unicode characters
and supports file names up to 64 characters.

@item LBA

Logical Block Addressing. Mapped integer numbers from CD Red Book
Addressing MSF.  The starting sector is -150 and ending sector is
449849, which correlates directly to MSF: 00:00:00 to 99:59:74.
Because an LBA is a single number it is often easier to work with in
programming than an MSF.

@item Lead in

The area of a CD where the Table Of Contents (TOC) and CDTEXT are
stored.  I think it is supposed to be around 4500 (1 min) or more
sectors in length.  On a CDR(W) the lead-in length is variable,
because each manufacturer will have a different starting position
indicated by the ATIP start of lead-in position that is recorded in
the ATIP groove on the disk.

@item LSN

Logical Sector Number. Mapped integer numbers from CD Red Book
Addressing MSF.  The starting sector is 0 and ending sector is 449699,
which correlates to MSF: 00:00:00 to 99:59:74.  Because an LSN is a
single number it is often easier to work with in programming than an
MSF. Because it starts at 0 rather than -150 as is the case of an LBA
it can be represented as an unsigned value.

@item MMC

MMC (MultiMedia Commands). A SCSI programming specification made by
the SCSI committee T10 organization.  They are raw commands for
communicating with CDROM drives, CD-Rewriters, DVD-Rewriters, etc.

Many manufacturers have adopted this standard and it also applies to
ATAPI versions of their drives.

@item Mixed Mode 

A CD that contains tracks of differing CD-ROM Mode formats. For
example a discs could contain both computer data (Yellow Book) and
audio (Red Book) tracks. 

@item Multisession 

A way of writing to a CD that allows more data to be
added to readable discs at a later time.

@item NRG format file

A proprietary CD image file format use by a popular program for
Microsoft Windows, Ahead Nero. The specification of this format is
not to our knowlege published. 

@item SCSI 

Small Computer System Interface.  A set of ANSI standard electronic
interfaces (originally developed at Apple Computer) that allow
personal computers to communicate with peripheral hardware such as
CD-ROM drives, disk drives, printers, etc.

@item Session

A fully readable complete recording that contains one or more tracks
of computer data or audio on a CD.

@item SVCD
Super @acronym{VCD} @uref{http://www.dvdrhelp.com/svcd}

@item TOC

Table of Contents. The TOC contains the starting track number, last
track number individual track starting time, format of track: CDDA or
CDROM. Every CD must have at least 1 TOC, the first TOC is always
recorded at the start of the CD (lead-in area).  A multi-session CD
may have several TOCs.

@item Track 

A unit of data of a CD. The size of a track can vary; it can occupy
the entire contents of the CD. Most CD standards however require that
tracks have a 150 frame (or ``2 second'') lead-in gap.

@item VCD
Video @acronym{CD} @uref{http://www.dvdrhelp.com/vcd}

@item Win32 ASPI driver

The ASPI interface specification was developed by Adaptec for 
sending commands to a SCSI host adapter (such as those controlling CD
and DVD drives) and used on Window 9x/NT and later. Emulation for
ATAPI drives was added so that the same sets of commands worked those
even though the drives might not be SCSI nor might there even be a
SCSI controller attached.

However in Windows NT/2K/XP, Microsoft provides their Win32 ioctl
interface, and has take steps to make using ASPI more inaccessible
(e.g. requiring adminstrative access to use ASPI).

@item Win32 Ioctl driver

Ioctl (Input Output ConTroLs). A Win32 function, implemented in all
Windows.  It is used for sending commands to devices using defined
codes and structures.

@item XA
See @acronym{CD-ROM XA}

@end table